This depends heavily on whether you’re going with canon or Legends or a mixture of the two, so I’ll do them separately.
In canon, we only see kyber crystals used as lightsaber crystals (while in Legends there are many different crystals that can be used). Notably, they could be found on Ilum, Mygeeto, Jedha, Lothal, and Christophsis. The known colours are black, blue, green, purple, red, white, and yellow, often in subtly varying shades.
In Legends, it can be very difficult to determine whether a planet has kyber crystals or another variety of lightsaber crystal, but I expect it wouldn’t make much of a difference. These are the known types of crystals, and these are the known colours. I don’t know of a compiled list of planets (maybe someone else does?) but clicking on any type you’re interested in will show you where it can be found.
Hope that helps!
~ Jacen